Akkad

Akkad the capital of the Akkadian Empire.[1]
The city was probably situated on the west bank of the Euphrates, between Sippar and Kish (in present-day Iraq, about 50 km (31 mi) southwest of the center of Baghdad). Despite an extensive search, the precise site has never been found.
Akkad reached the height of its power between the 24th and 22nd centuries BC, following the conquests of king Sargon of Akkad.
 

Amarna letters (sometimes "Amarna correspondence") are an archive of correspondence on clay tablets, mostly diplomatic, between the Egyptian administration and its representatives in Canaan and Amurru in the New Kingdom. The letters were found in Upper Egypt at Amarna, the modern name for the Egyptian capital founded by pharaoh Akhenaten (1350s – 1330s BC) during the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt

Amen

http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/religion/amen1.html

Amen's name means "The Hidden One." He was a local Theban god from earliest times, and was viewed (along with his consort Amenet) as a primordial creation-deity by the priests of Hermopolis.
Another possible derivation of his name might come from the Libyan aman, water, hence his occasional depiction as a goose. He is also shown as an ithyphallic fertility god, as a ram or ram-headed, again referring to creation and fecundity, or as a snake when he bears the name Kematef.
    Until the Middle Kingdom his influence was local; but when the Theban kings had established their sovereignty over Egypt, Amen became nationally pre-eminent as Amen-Re, and by the 18th Dynasty was called the King of the Gods. His famous temple, Karnak, is the largest religious structure ever built by man.

Amun was viewed as upholding the rights of justice for the poor.

Greek travelers to Egypt would report back that Amun, king of the Egyptian gods, was one and the same (and therefore became identified) with the Greek king of the gods, Zeus. Likewise, Amun's consort Mut become associated with Zeus's consort Hera.

Amorite (Sumerian MAR.TU, Akkadian Tidnum or Amurrūm, Egyptian Amar, Hebrew ’emōrî) refers to a Semitic people[1] who occupied the country west of the Euphrates from the second half of the third millennium BC. The term Amurru refers to them, as well as to their principal deity.In the earliest Sumerian sources, beginning about 2400 BC, the land of the Amorites ("the Mar.tu land") is associated with the West, including Syria and Canaan, although their ultimate origin may have been Arabia.[2] They appear as nomadic people in the Mesopotamian sources, and they are especially connected with the mountainous region of Jebel Bishri in Syria called as the "mountain of the Amorites". The ethnic terms Amurru and Amar were used for them in Assyria and Egypt respectively. Amorites seem to have worshipped the moon-god Sin, and Amurru.

 

Akhenaten  meaning Effective spirit of Aten,  known as

Amenhotep IV

The idea of Akhenaten as the pioneer of a monotheistic religion that later became Judaism has been considered by various scholars.[35][36][37][38][39][40] One of the first to mention this was Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in his book Moses and Monotheism.[41] Freud argued that Moses had been an Atenist priest forced to leave Egypt with his followers after Akhenaten's death. Freud argued that Akhenaton was striving to promote monotheism, something that the biblical Moses was able to achieve

Akhenaten appears in history almost two-centuries prior to the first archaeological and written evidence for Judaism and Israelite culture is found in the Levant.

 there are strong similarities between Akhenaten's Great Hymn to the Aten and the Biblical Psalm 104,

http://ahmedosman.com/home.html    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhenaten#The_Implementation_of_Atenism

Aramaic

http://nefertiti.iwebland.com/people/foreigners.htm       

During the first millennium BCE foreign languages were forcefully introduced into Egypt by conquerors. Mercenaries and settlers often insisted on speaking their own languages. At first this probably did not affect the population as a whole to any significant extent. But during the 6th century BCE Aramaic became the lingua franca in the Levant, spoken in Egypt by Jews, Aramaeans and other mercenaries. From 300 BCE onwards Greek culture in its Hellenized form was well established, and the Greek tongue became the recognized second language of the country. It heavily influenced the native Egyptian, even though the majority of the population did not become bi-lingual, and brought about the disappearance of the demotic and hieroglyphic scripts and their replacement by Coptic, an alphabetic script based on the Greek alphabet

Arianism is the teachings of the Christian theologian Arius (c. AD 250-336), who lived and taught in Alexandria, Egypt, in the early 4th century. The most controversial of his teachings, considered contrary to the Nicene creed and heretical by the Council of Nicaea, dealt with the relationship between God the Father and the person of Jesus, saying that Jesus was not one with the father, and that he was not fully, although almost, divine in nature. This teaching of Arius conflicted with trinitarian christological positions which were held by the Church (and subsequently maintained by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and most Protestant Churches

Bar Kokhba revolt

Bar Kokhba revolt (132–135) (Hebrew: מרד בר כוכבא‎) against the Roman Empire was a second major rebellion by the Jews of Iudaea and the last of the Jewish-Roman Wars.

Simon bar Kokhba, the commander of the revolt, was acclaimed the Messiah, the divine king prophesied to restore Israel. The revolt established a Jewish state for over two years, but a massive Roman army finally crushed it. The Romans then barred Jews from Jerusalem.

babylon

Caesarion

http://www.livius.org/ps-pz/ptolemies/ptolemy_xv_caesarion.html

23 June 47: born as son of Cleopatra VII and recognized by Gaius Julius Caesar. After the death of Cleopatra's co-ruler Ptolemy XIV (August 44), Caesarion is made king.
43: On behalf of the Senate, Cornelius Dolabella recognizes the boy-king. After 37, he is no longer mentioned in official documents; probably because Cleopatra now hopes to continue her dynasty through the children of Marc Antony,the twins Alexander Helius and Cleopatra Selene  34: Adopted as son by Marc Antony   32: Marc Antony divorces his wife Octavia; outbreak of war between Octavian and Marc Antony.
31: Marc Antony and Cleopatra move to Greece, where they are isolated by Octavian's admiral Agrippa; although they are able to win a tactical victory and break out of their isolated position at Actium, the campaign is a distaster and Octavian is able to achieve control of the east Cleopatra flees to Alexandria and opens negotiations with Octavian; her purpose is to save her children and keep the Ptolemaic kingdom intact
12 August 30: After Octavian has declined to negotiate, Cleopatra commits suicide; Marc Antony does the same. Their children survive, aesarian tries to flee to Nubia and India, but is arrested and executed ?
 

wiki: Illegitimate son of Cleopatra VII & Julius Caesar, born while Caesar was in Egypt to settle the civil war between Cleopatra & her brother (Ptolemy XIII). When his mother brought him to Rome (46 BCE) Caesar publicly acknowledged his paternity. After his father's assassination (44 BCE), Caesarion returned to Alexandria & (at the age of 3) was officially installed as his mother's co-ruler. He had just reached puberty when his mother's lover (Mark Antony) rashly hailed him as "King of Kings." During the ensuing war between Antony & Octavion
(31 BCE), Caesarion was kept away from Alexandria. But after his mother's suicide, Octavion enticed him to return, only to have him executed, ending the Ptolemaic dynasty

http://www.godlikeproductions.com/forum1/message680473/pg1

http://www.gnmagazine.org/realstory/?S=2&gclid=CILl8Pm99pcCFQS7sgodlGznDw

http://abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread417574/pg1

Caesaria

Calander

Cannan

the region between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea in antiquity[3] It is also sometimes used interchangeably with the Land of Israel, Zion, the Holy Land or the Promised Land.[citation needed]

Canaan predates the name Land of Israel but describes the same land [4]. The classical Jewish view, as explained by Schweid, is that "Canaan" is the geographical name; the renaming as "Israel" prior to its conquest by the the people of Israel marks its sanctification, the origin of the Holy Land concept [5]. The province of Judaea was later renamed Palestina by the Romans following the Bar Kokhba revolt in the 2nd century AD.
 

Cambyses

Cambyses II, the First Persian Ruler of Egypt  was the son of Cyrus the Great (r. 559-530 BC), founder of the Persian Empire and its first dynasty. Following Cyrus' conquests of the Near East and Central Asia, Cambyses further expanded the empire into Egypt during the Late Period.                     
 

Carthage

Carthage was founded in 814 BC by Phoenician settlers from the city of Tyre

Polybius, in his History book 6, also stated that at the time of the Punic Wars, the Carthaginian public held more sway over the government than the people of Rome held over theirs (a development he regarded as evidence of declinearthareg

Eratosthenes, head of the Library of Alexandria, noted that the Greeks had been wrong to describe all non-Greeks as barbarians, since the Carthaginians as well as the Romans had a constitution.

The Hebrew Bible also mentions child sacrifice practiced by the Canaanites, ancestors of the Carthaginians, and by some Israelites.
 

Claudius

41 AD January 24, Caligula was assassinated by a broad-based conspiracy ). There is no evidence that Claudius had a direct hand in the assassination, although it has been argued that he knew about the plot—particularly since he left the scene of the crime shortly before the event. However, after the deaths of Caligula's wife and daughter, it became apparent that Cassius intended to go beyond the terms of the conspiracy and wipe out the imperial family. In the chaos following the murder, Claudius witnessed the German guard cut down several uninvolved noblemen, including friends of his. Concerned for his survival, he fled to the palace to hide himself. According to tradition, a Praetorian named Gratus found him hiding behind a curtain and suddenly declared him imperator. A section of the guard may have planned in advance to seek out Claudius, perhaps with his approval. They reassured him that they were not one of the battalions looking for revenge. He was spirited away to the Praetorian camp and put under their protection
Claudius settled disputes in the provinces. He freed the island of Rhodes from Roman rule for their good faith and exempted Troy from taxes. Early in his reign, the Greeks and Jews of Alexandria sent him two embassies at once after riots broke out between the two communities. This resulted in the famous "Letter to the Alexandrians," which reaffirmed Jewish rights in the city but also forbade them to move in more families en masse. According to Josephus, he then reaffirmed the rights and freedoms of all the Jews in the empire.
Claudius was concerned with the spread of eastern mysteries within the city and searched for more Roman replacements. He emphasized the Eleusinian mysteries which had been practiced by so many during the Republic. He expelled foreign astrologers, and at the same time rehabilitated the old Roman soothsayers (known as haruspices) as a replacement. He was especially hard on Druidism, because of its incompatibility with the Roman state religion and its proselytizing activities. It is also reported that at one time he expelled the Jews from Rome, probably because the appearance of Christianity had caused unrest within the Jewish community
 

Cleopatra

 on the Greek alphab

Druids

Egypt

Evidence of human habitation in the Nile Valley since the Paleolithic era appears in the form of artifacts and rock carvings along the Nile terraces and in the desert oases. In the 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers replaced a grain-grinding culture. Climate changes and/or overgrazing around 8000 BC began to desiccate the pastoral lands of Egypt, forming the Sahara. Early tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society

Hyksos  were basically a Semitic people who were able to wrestle control of Egypt from the early Second Intermediate rulers of the 13th Dynasty, inaugurating the 15th Dynasty. Their names mostly come from the West Semitic languages, and earlier suggestions that some of these people were Hurrian or even Hittite.  Until the Hyksos invasion, the history of Egypt and Asia were mostly isolated, while afterwards, they would be permanently entwined. Perhaps one of the greatest contribution of the Hyksos was the preservation of famous Egyptian documents, both literary and scientific. During the reign of Apophis, the fifth king of the “Great Hyksos,” scribes were commissioned to recopy Egyptian texts so they would not be lost. One such text was the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus. This unique text, dating from about 3000 BC, gives a clear perspective of the human body as studied by the Egyptians, with details of specific clinical cases, examinations, and prognosis. The Westcar Papyrus preserved the only known version of an ancient Egyptian story that may have otherwise been lost. http://touregypt.net/featurestories/hyksos.htm    http://www.touregypt.net/manethohyksos.htm

Hurrian

Hymn of the Pearl (also Hymn of the Soul, Hymn of the Robe of Glory or Hymn of Judas Thomas the Apostle) is a passage of the apocryphal Acts of Thomas. In that work, originally written in Syriac, the Apostle Thomas sings the hymn while praying for himself and fellow prisoners. Some scholars believe the hymn antedates the Acts, as it only appears in one Syriac manuscript and one Greek manuscript of the Acts of Thomas. The author of the Hymn is unknown, though there is a belief that it was composed by the Syriac gnostic Bardaisan due to some parallels between his life and that of the hymn.[1]

The hymn tells the story of a boy, "the son of the king of kings", who is sent to Egypt to retrieve a pearl from a serpent. During the quest, he is seduced by Egyptians and forgets his origin and his family. However, a letter is sent from the king of kings to remind him of his past. When the boy receives the letter, he remembers his mission, snatches the pearl, and returns. That the boy is implicitly Thomas rather than Jesus is indicated by the eventual assertion that he is next in line to his elder brother, this unnamed brother not otherwise mentioned in the text.

The hymn is commonly interpreted as a Gnostic view of the human condition, that we are spirits lost in a world of matter and do not remember our true origin, but then a divine being sends a message, by way of a revealer, a task generally ascribed to Jesus, to make us remember through gnosis.

The hymn has been preserved and especially treasured in Manicheanism, a gnostic religion. The Hymn of the Pearl has also been admired by Orthodox Christian thinkers.

 

Israel        The Book of Genesis traces the beginning of Israel to three patriarchs of the Jewish people, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob, the last also known as Israel from which the name of the land was subsequently derived. Jacob, called a "wandering Aramaean" (Deuteronomy 26:5), the grandson of Abraham, had travelled back to Harran, the home of his ancestors, to obtain a wife. Whilst returning from Haran to Canaan, he crossed the Jabbok, a tributary on the Arabian side of the Jordan River (Genesis 32:22-33). Having sent his family and servants away, that night he wrestled with a strange man at a place henceforth called Peniel, who in the morning asked him his name. As a result, he was renamed "Israel", because he has "wrestled with God." and became in time the father of twelve sons, by Leah and Rachel (daughters of Laban), and their maidservants Bilhah and Zilpah. The twelve were considered the "Children of Israel." These stories of the origins of the Israelites locate them first on the east bank of the Jordan. The stories of Israel move to the west bank with the story of the sacking of Shechem (Genesis 34:1-33), after which the hill area of Canaan is assumed to have been the historical core of the area of Israel.
William F. Albright, Nelson Glueck and E. A. Speiser, located these Genesis accounts at the end of Middle Bronze I and beginning of Middle Bronze II based on three points: personal names, mode of life, and customs[8]. Other scholars, however, have suggested later dates for the Patriarchal Age as these features were long-lived characteristics of life in the Ancient Near East. Cyrus Gordon[9], basing his argument on the rise of nomadic pastoralism and monotheism at the end of the Amarna Age, suggested that they more properly apply to the Late Bronze Age. John Van Seters, on the basis of the widespread use of Camels, of Philistine kings at Gerar, of a monetarised economy and the purchase of land, argued the story belongs to the Iron Age. Other scholars (particularly, Martin Noth and his students) find it difficult to determine any period for the Patriarchs. They suggest that the importance of the biblical texts are not necessarily their historicity, but how they function within the Israelite society of the Iron Age.
More recently, neutron activation analysis studies conducted of the hilltop settlements by Jan Gunneweg [10]of the Hebrew University, Jerusalem which are associated with the Early Iron Age I and II, show evidence of a movement of settlers into the area from a north-easterly direction in accord with these early stories[11]

 

Jewish - Roman war 70 AD (first)

revolt began in 66 in Caesarea, provoked by Greeks sacrificing birds in front of a local synagogue.[2] The Greek-speaking Roman garrison did not intercede. In an act of defiance, the son of Kohen Gadol (High priest) Eliezar ben Hanania ceased prayers and sacrifices for the Roman Emperor at the Temple and subsequently led a successful attack on the Roman garrison stationed in Jerusalem. The pro-Roman king Agrippa II and his sister Berenice fled Jerusalem to Galilee, where later they gave themselves up to the Romans. Cestius Gallus, the legate of Syria, brought reinforcements to restore order, but was soundly defeated at the Battle of Beth Horon

Lucian Saint Lucian of Antioch (c. 240–January 7, 312[1]) was an early and extremely influential theologian and teacher of Christianity, particularly for the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholics. He was noted for both his scholarship and ascetic piety. Teacher of Arian .

 

Manetho (or Manethon) was an Egyptian historian and priest from Sebennytos (ancient Egyptian: Tjebnutjer) who lived during the Ptolemaic era, ca. 3rd century BC. Manetho wrote the Aegyptiaca (History of Egypt). His work is of great interest to Egyptologists, and is often used as evidence for the chronology of the reigns of pharaohs.

 

Moses

Book 1, section 93
I shall quote Manetho again, and what he writes as to the order of the times in this case. He says "After this people or shepherds [8] had left Egypt to go to Jerusalem, Tethmosis [2], who drove them out, was king of Egypt and reigned for twenty five years and four months, and then died; ..."
 

http://www.touregypt.net/manethohyksos.htm

Mittani

Natufian  a culture that existed in the Mediterranean region of the Levant. It was a Mesolithic culture, but unusual in that it established permanent settlements even before the introduction of agriculture. The Natufians are likely to have been the ancestors of the builders of the first Neolithic settlements of the region, which may have been the earliest in the world.

Pharisees were, depending on the time, a political party, a social movement, and a school of thought among Jews that flourished during the Second Temple Era (536 BC–70 AD). After the destruction of the Second Temple, the Pharisaic sect was re-established as Rabbinic Judaism — which ultimately produced normative, traditional Judaism, the basis for all contemporary forms of Judaism and even the Karaites use the Rabbinic canon of the Hebrew Bible or Tanakh.

Phythagoreanism

......

Ptolemaic Dynasty

 Hellenistic Greek royal family which ruled the Ptolemaic Empire in Egypt for nearly 300 years, from 305 BC to 30 BC.

Ptolemy, a somatophylax, one of the seven bodyguards who served as Alexander the Great's generals and deputies , was appointed satrap of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. In 305 BC, he declared himself King Ptolemy I, later known as "Soter" (saviour). The Egyptians soon accepted the Ptolemies as the successors to the pharaohs of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the Roman conquest of 30 BC
 

Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) is a division of the Neolithic developed by Dame Kathleen Kenyon during her archaeological excavations at Jericho in the southern Levant region.
The culture of this period differs from that of the earlier Pre-Pottery Neolithic A period in that people living during this period began to depend more heavily upon domesticated animals to supplement their earlier mixed agrarian and hunter-gatherer diet. In addition the flint tool kit of the period is new and quite disparate from that of the earlier period.
 

Sidon  It received its name from the "first-born" of Canaan, the grandson of Noah (Genesis 10:15, 19). Sidon was inhabited since 4000BC and perhaps as early as Neolithic times (6000 - 4000 B.C.). It was one of the most important Phoenician cities, and may have been the oldest. From here, and other ports, a great Mediterranean commercial empire was founded. Homer praised the skill of its craftsmen in producing glass and purple dyes. It was also from here that a colonizing party went to found the city of Tyre.
 

Star of David

Sudan Sudan is the largest country in Africa and tenth largest country in the world by area. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea and Ethiopia to the east, Kenya and Uganda to the southeast, Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. The country's name derives from the Arabic Bilad-al-sudan, literally "land of the blackened. Archaeological evidence has confirmed that the area in the North of Sudan was inhabited at least 60,000 years ago. A settled culture appeared in the area around 8000 BC, living in fortified villages, where they subsisted on hunting and fishing, as well as grain gathering and cattle herding.

The area was known to the Egyptians as Kush and had strong cultural and religious ties to Egypt
 

Slaves

According to a Bible story, the Hebrews working on one of Pharaoh's projects, felt put upon and voiced their protest [1]:
10 And the taskmasters of the people went out, and their officers, and they spake to the people, saying, Thus saith Pharaoh, I will not give you straw.
11 Go ye, get you straw where ye can find it: Yet not ought of your work shall be diminished.
...
15 Then the officers of the children of Israel came and cried unto Pharaoh, saying: Wherefore dealest thou thus with thy servants?
16 There is no straw given unto thy servants, and they say to us, Make bricks: and behold, thy servants are beaten; but the fault is in thine own people.
Exodus, 5

Temple

Tertullian

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus, anglicised as Tertullian, (c. 160 – c. 225)[1] was a church leader and prolific author of early Christianity. He also was a notable early Christian apologist. He was the son of a Roman centurion. He was raised in Carthage as a pagan

Titus

Titus Flavius created Christianity to replace the Jewish Messianic movement that waged war against the Empire with a pacifistic, pro-Roman religion. Titus also designed the story line of Jesus' ministry in the New Testament as a satire of his military campaign through Judea so that posterity would learn that he had invented Christianity and recognize his genius. Though the New Testament had always been seen as a religious document it is actually a monument to the vanity of a Caesar."  unknown quote